Gynecological Oncology Capsules for Doctors

About gynecological oncology for Public course

Gynecologic oncology is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. As specialists, they have extensive training in the diagnosis and treatment of these cancers.

Gynecological cancers comprise 10-15% of women’s cancers, mainly affecting women past reproductive age but posing threats to fertility for younger patients.The most common route for treatment is combination therapy, consisting of a mix of both surgical and non-surgical interventions (radiotherapy, chemotherapy).

Through the course of gynecological oncology, we will learn about:

- Cervical cancer:
• Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connected to the vagina.
• Different strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cases of cervical cancer.
• When exposed to HPV, the body's immune system prevents the virus from causing damage. However, the virus survives for years in a small percentage of people and is involved in the transformation of some cervical cells into cancer cells.

- Early detection of the cervix: The need for Pap smear testing is currently stressed for all women between the ages of 25 and 64, as early detection contributes to the hope of recovery. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), awareness of the need for Pap smear screening has led to a significant reduction in mortality from cervical cancer over the past few years.

- HPV vaccine: There are several types of HPV that are widespread and cause many cancers, so the HPV vaccine is the best way to prevent cervical cancer and other types of cancers caused by HPV.

Ovarian Cancer: It is a cancerous disease that forms in the ovaries. It is not yet known what the main cause of the disease is but there are factors that increase the likelihood of developing it such as family history of the disease and radiation exposure. Most of the infections occur in women aged 55-74 years. In most cases the patient does not show any symptoms and some symptoms may appear such as bleeding from the vagina, pain in the back area and disorders in the menstrual cycle. Treatment of the disease is usually done by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

- Borderline ovarian tumors: a noncancerous type of ovarian tumor. These tumors are described as having a low malignant ability. This means that there is little risk that the tumor will turn into cancer over time. It is believed that the behavior of the serous borderline tumor is located between a serous cystic adenoma which is a noncancerous tumor and low-grade serous cancer which is a type of cancer.

Endometrial cancer: It is a cancer that originates from the endometrium (the membrane lining the uterus), is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body, and the initial sign is often vaginal bleeding unrelated to the menstrual period, and also includes other symptoms such as dysuria, dyspareunia or pelvic pain, and endometrial cancer is more common after menopause.

- Subtotal hysterectomy: where partial removal of the uterus removes only the uterus, leaving the cervix intact.

- Breast cancer: It is a type of cancer that appears in the breast tissue. Among its signs are a change in the shape of the breast, the appearance of a lump in the breast, peeling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or red or scaly spots. In case of spread of the disease in the body appear the following signs: bone pain, swelling of the lymph nodes, shortness of breath or yellowing of the skin. Misuse of antibiotics: Recently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have acknowledged the dire consequences of overuse of antibiotics, especially after the emergence of so-called "super bacteria" resistant to modern antibiotics, causing deadly infections and diseases.

- Tumor biopsy: biopsy is a procedure for removing a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from the body to be analyzed in the laboratory. You may have a biopsy if you develop certain signs and symptoms or if your doctor finds something worrisome. A biopsy may determine you have cancer or other conditions.

- Damage caused by the division of the tumor sample: as dividing the sample into several sections and sending each part to a laboratory is a very common mistake among doctors, in this case there is a high probability that each part of the tissue contains different changes, one of the parts may be normal or has inflammation or non-cancerous problems, but the other part contains cancerous tissue, which leads to conflict and conflict between the reports of different laboratories, and this conflict distracts and distracts your doctor. The proper scientific course of action is that the complete sample is delivered to a lab, and the diagnosis is reviewed by reviewing the slats or wax blocks.

- Fertility preservation: Through the course of gynecological oncology, we will learn how to preserve fertility.

- Laparoscopic surgery: Many studies have shown that gynecological surgery using laparoscopic surgery varies according to the type of tumor and degree and we will learn through the course of gynecological tumors about the suitability of laparoscopic surgery for each type of gynecological tumor compared to traditional surgery.